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60

During the Song dynasty, a peculiar-shaped porcelain vessel called the "jun chi hu" appeared, which was derived from the pronunciation of "Kendi". This style was originated from Southeast Asia and was possibly used to store sacred water related to religious practices. The spout of the vessel extended from the rounded body, resembling a long and straight shape with a small, pointed mouth. It seemed that people in Southeast Asia appreciated Chinese ceramics and ordered their distinctive wares in China.

58

Boiling tea leaves was a common practice back in the Tang dynasty, and this culture continued to the Song dynasty with the addition of herbs and health ingredients. Tea soup was consumed together with these additives. For ease of consumption, the Song people designed a special tea bowl called the "douli bowl" resembling a rain hat with a slanted wall and a small bowl foot. This design helped to pour tea soup and additives into the mouth together. The bowl shape commonly used by the Japanese today is derived from the douli bowl.

56

During the Qing dynasty, European missionaries arrived in China and introduced the concept of the Earth being a sphere, which contradicted the traditional belief in the square earth with a dome-like sky. In response to this, a special spherical porcelain vase was created. It had a long straight neck and a body resembling a sphere, known as the " celestial sphere vase." The vase symbolising the Qing imperial family's embrace of scientific knowledge and their ambition to expand the influences towards the world.

54

Since the Song dynasty, a particular type of wine bottle known as the "meiping" (plum bottle) or "jingping " had gained popularity. The term "jing" refers to the unit of volume for wine, while the association with "plum" is unrelated to plum blossom. The bottle features a small mouth, a short narrow neck, a round bulging shoulder, and a tapered bottom, giving them a top-heavy appearance. As the wine inside the bottle was concentrated in the upper half, upon opening the lid, the strong aroma of the wine would immediately waft out.

52

The Liao dynasty was ruled by the minority group, Khitan people. The everyday objects they used at that time closely reflected their lifestyle. For instance, riding on the horsebacks, Khitan people carried water pots made of leather, which were known as "bagging pots". These pots were later replicated in ceramic form and became household items. Bagging pots were flat in shape. Serving as the lid, the spout of bagging pots was found leaning towards one side instead of the centre.

59

Song dynasty continued Tang dynasty's affinity for gold and silverware and produced large amount of porcelain that imitated metallic objects. The most distinctive feature of these porcelains was the wavy rim of bowls and plates, known as "kui bian bowls" or "kui bian plates". While highly decorative, this foliaged shape was not practical and fell out of popularity by the Ming dynasty.

57

Bowls began to be used as daily utensils in the Tang dynasty. Due to limitations in craftmanship, bowls at that time were relatively short and had flat bottoms without bowl feet. In the later period of the Tang dynasty, circular flat bowl feet began to appear. These feet were hollowed out in the middle and with a wide surface area, resembling the shape of a Yubi, therefore were known as "Yubi bottom".

55

In addition to the "meiping" (plum bottle), the people of the Song dynasty also created a different type of wine bottle known as the "yuhuchunping." In Song culture, the word "chun" (spring) symbolised wine. Interestingly, yuhuchunping showcased a contrasting shape to the meiping. It featured a long neck, a bulging body, and a slightly tapered bottom resembling a pear. The design intentionally concentrated the wine in the lower part of the bottle, aiming to preserve the aroma of wine and prevent rapid evaporation.

53

The dwellings of the Khitan people during the Liao dynasty were not spacious. To make the most of the limited space they had, they created a type of tall and slender water container known as a "chicken leg jar." The jar had grooved horizontal lines on its body, making it convenient to secure ropes along the grooves to keep the jar in place or tie several jars together, reducing the space they occupied.

51

In the Song dynasty, it was fashionable to heat wine before consumption. A set of wine-warming utensils was thus designed. The wine pot has a curved long spout, and a lid with a typical lion-shaped knob. In addition, the set includes a porcelain bowl larger than the wine pot. By placing the wine pot inside the bowl which holds the hot water, the wine could then be warmed. However, such a custom gradually waned by the Yuan dynasty.

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